Trees Make Oxygen, People Use Oxygen

Trees Make Oxygen, People Use Oxygen Trees alone can produce enough oxygen to support all human oxygen needs in North America. Trees are important and benefit the environment. A mature leafy tree produces as much oxygen in a season as 10 people inhale in a year. This quote was by an Arbor Day Foundation report.  For a number of reasons, including tree availability and other photosynthetic plants, human consumption of oxygen produced just by trees can vary dramatically. There is also some question as to how many mature leafy trees are in the United States, but a rough estimate using United States Forest Service (FIA) data would be around 1.5 billion that have reached maturity (assuming they are 20 years old or older). There are approximately three mature trees for every person in the United States... more than enough. Other Tree Oxygen Estimations Here are some other quotes from different sources which may be more or less conservative than  my report: A single mature tree can absorb carbon dioxide at a rate of 48 lbs./year and release enough oxygen back into the atmosphere to support 2 human beings. - ​ McAliney, Mike. Arguments for Land Conservation: Documentation and Information Sources for Land Resources Protection, Trust for Public Land, Sacramento, CA, December, 1993.On average, one tree produces nearly 260 pounds of oxygen each year. Two mature trees can provide enough oxygen for a family of four. - Canadas environmental agency, Environment Canada.Mean net annual oxygen production (after accounting for decomposition) per hectare of trees (100% tree canopy) offsets oxygen consumption of 19 people per year (eight people per acre of tree cover), but ranges from nine people per hectare of canopy cover (four people/ac cover) in Minneapolis, Minnesota, to 28 people/ha cover (12 people/ac cover) in Calgary, Alberta. - U.S. Forest Service and International Society of Arboriculture joint publication. Considerations Several of these sources suggest that it all depends on the tree species and their local populations. Other things that will increase oxygen availability to humans is a trees health and where you live when computing tree oxygen availability per person.

Re-Engineering Technique of Lightco Company Essay - 14

Re-Engineering Technique of Lightco Company - Essay Example As mentioned in the case, the company was divided into six departments. Each department was working separately. Engineers had occupied the executive level, while they did not have adequate experience or sufficient ability to manage people. It was one of the factors that affected the Job performance and the â€Å"Leading ability† based on the job performance equation: â€Å"Job performance = Abilities X Motivation X Org. Support†. II. Stressful, the relation between stress and lack of communication states that â€Å"poor employee communication causes employee stress†. The employees were unaware and worried about the (BPI) attitude towards them; therefore, the employees’ morale went down once again and this time it was at an all-time low. The stress affected employees; hence, both the pilot projects had adverse effects on the employees. For instance, by the centralization of the Customer Services processes, 150 employees were worried about their careers. According to Health Magazine, Customer Services was ranked as the eighth most stressful job. Nonetheless, the pilot project increased the employees’ stress and made their situation even more complicated. Also, it seemed that the Re-engineering Technique was the major contributor to high levels of stress.   III. Inequity, The probability of inequity was a common belief among Lights employees. Not only the employees but even White had promised to commit to employment equity. According to the Equity Theory, an employee will usually compare himself/ herself with others. The prejudice is clear in Lights situation, as Coral emphasized, "I received a one-day training session while the manager was getting a four-day training session". She was dissatisfied and believed that it was unfair. She thought that she would be given more attention during the implementation of the culture change technique but this was not what happened.

Critical contexts of law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critical contexts of law - Essay Example Humanitarian agencies have been intricately involved with the international community’s use of military force in situations of gross human rights violations and grave breaches of international humanitarian law. Humanitarian agencies have called outright for military intervention and not got it. There is the option to call for the military intervention. So here in Sylvia’s case the UN may reject or even give permission of military intervention based on the severity of the issue. People fear of military intervention since there is lot of loss of life, property and the like. Many believe the intervention should be done as the very last option, where every other opportunity has been exhausted. Generally UN suggests of non military intervention where the government officials are denied visas to visit other countries unless they follow rules and remain disciplined. They need a solid and good reason for intervention. The question is does Sylvia have a solid reason apart from i nhumane treatment towards his subjects? What ever he has done is a great crime but the court needs full proof of his crimes, solid proofs. The International Criminal Court (ICC), governed by the Rome Statute, is the first permanent, treaty based, international criminal court established to help end impunity for the perpetrators of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community.The question is does Sylvia have a solid reason apart from inhumane treatment towards his subjects?  

International entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International entrepreneurship - Essay Example This definition of international entrepreneurship arises from the fact that IE arises from the desire to expand their operation beyond the borders of the countries of their operation. International entrepreneurship is becoming increasingly important in many economies around the world as corporations take advantage of the vast opportunities availed by globalization. Consequently, companies, both small and large multinationals, are increasing finding it necessary to expand their operations into other countries or regions so that that they can tap the numerous benefits availed by such ventures. Hence, a perfect definition for international entrepreneurship must entail the desire to create a successful business venture in a country different than the present country of operation. My definition captures this aspect of IE. Although the wording used in defining IE differs from one scholar to another, almost all of the definitions point to one area: that of seeking out and conducting new and innovative business activities across national borders. For example, McDougall and Oviatt (903) define IE as ‘a combination of innovative, proactive, and risk-seeking behavior that crosses national borders and is intended to create value in organizations’. ... McDougall and Oviatt go a step further in their definition to state that IE creates value in an organization. This is absolutely right as IE elevates the profile of a company to that of a multinational, particularly if it establishes markets in numerous international markets. Expansion into foreign markets also adds value in form the company gaining skills and experience from the challenges and successes realized in the foreign markets. The same concept is captured in by Zahra and George’s definition of IE when they mention that companies establish operations in foreign markets in pursuit of competitive advantage. Another definition for IE was given by IE scholars meeting in 2008. Taking into consideration McDougall and Oviatt’s definition, the scholars aimed to expand this earlier definition to make it more concise and add an outcome or value to it. After consultations amongst themselves, they defined IE as â€Å"the creation of economic value through cross-border ent repreneurial activity† (ie-scholars discussion). This latest definition simply echoes those made earlier, particularly that made by McDougall and Oviatt. However, they add the aspect of value creation through exports and imports. Due to the recent emergence of globalization and creation of trading blocs such as the EU, AU, and NAFTA it has become necessary to create a distinction between international entrepreneurship from traditional entrepreneurship. While both types of entrepreneurships involve innovation, risk-seeking behavior, and creatively discovering and exploiting opportunities, the former transcends national borders or goes beyond the company’s domestic market while the latter is concentrated within

The History of Labour Day

The History of Labour Day Originally called eight-hour day, labour day stands for the representation of the fight to shorten working hours in the nineteenth century which was a movement that forever changed working conditions deeply impacting on the lives of workers for the future to come. The original cause of eight-hour day (labour day) was the fight for 8 hours of rest and recreation to be given with 8 hours of work in an attempt to provide balance to workers between their work and personal lives as plead by the unionists who did not ask for extra money but rather more time which eventually lead to the 40-hour week known today. Over the years this historical occasion was formed into the national holiday we know as labour day. Australia and New Zealand were the first to successfully implement and provide rights of recreation and rest to its labourers, leading the world with Sydney at the labour movements core. Labour day and its creation all starting in the year 1855 as there was a great need present for stonemasons during great large scale building operations, provided by the influx of prosperity and wealth brought by the gold rush which meant large amounts of difficult labour for workers. During the construction of two structures which were identified as the church buildings of Holy Trinity Millers Point and the Mariners Church, workers participated in a construction standstill, hosting a 14 day strike in order to fight for balance in the work and personal lives of workers as they were most often expected to complete gruellingÂÂ   10 hours of work daily from Monday through to Friday and working a total of around 8 hours on Saturdays with an expected work week of around 58 hours per week of hard labo ur.ÂÂ   In order to celebrate the victory previously experienced by workers and promote its campaign established in 1871, a picnic and march was held each year during the first weekend of October. Although efforts for the reduction of work hours started in 1871 the first ever holiday for its commandment was held in 1855, organised by a Balmain member and unionist named Jacob Garrard who was described as a member of the salvation army since 1896 who had been an inspired and good willed Methodist (a Methodist is described as a member of a segment of the Christian church which is aimed at and notorious for protesting and standing up for what they believe.) Jacob Garrard is a prime example of missionary and Christian influence, in this instance responsible for the modern day labour movement. Despite the grave Christian influence in the formation of the eight-hour campaign this fact regularly overlooked in the modern era by historians and recent generation, a terrifying fact highlighted by the labour leader Kevin Rudd. Just as the Christians and missionaries responsible for the creation of the eight-hour day grave concerns are raised regarding the work hours of todays society as well through the raising of awareness and protection of those who may be venerable. Recent concerning statistics regarding modern labour highlighted the facts that over 60% of people start their jobs before 8am and end their shifts after 6pm during the workdays with 30% of Australias population spending time at their workplace on the weekends. Just as the workers protested for during the average of 22% of Australias population work more than 50 hours per week. The fight for a fair balance of work and free time has resurfaced with families working longer and more unpredictable and what is described as unsocial hours with subsequently less and less personal time away from work. Reasonings of large amounts of labour performed by workers can be categorised into sections of those who are passionate about their career who often struggle to balance their time spent at work and time they have for necessities such as socialising or much needed rest which commonly leads to irregular work and rest patterns. Included in the list of people who are overworked are those who invest heavily in the improvement of their position and the progression of their workplace who without provided rest and recreation time would over work themselves and once again over look their personal time and vital time to rest.ÂÂ   The other demographic of those who are over worked include those who have no other choice but require the financial aid of their profession, but due to the lack of personal time away from constant work provided by modern jobs. Modern work has been altered from the beliefs and rights fought for intensely throughout 1855. Recently workers, in order to receive an income labourers are forced to comply with their work hours as they cannot afford to be without a job, forced to work from early to late which dramatically impacts the social and personal lives of worker often causing adverse health effects and mental illnesses such as depression or anxiety. As listed perfectly in the holy bible those who work and are not draining to society are ones to be praised and encouraged. But it is important to remember that even God himself rested on the seventh day which truly is a sign of the importance of rest and time spent away from work which is portrait not only by the preachings of those fighting for fair work and rest times but through their actions as well.

One Deadly Psychotic Break Essay -- Literary Analysis

An online dictionary defines mental illness as â€Å"any of various disorders in which a person's thoughts, emotions, or behavior are so abnormal as to cause suffering to himself†¦or other people;† a second definition is â€Å"any of various psychiatric disorders or diseases, usually characterized by impairment of thought, mood, or behavior† (Thefreedictionary.com). In Edgar Allan Poe’s short story â€Å"Ligeia,† the narrator perfectly satisfies both of the above definitions. In Poe’s story, the nameless narrator’s beautiful wife Ligeia lives with him a short time before she dies. After her death, the narrator re-marries to Rowena, who eventually dies as well. At the conclusion of the story, his first, beloved wife returns to him through the body of Rowena. In reality, however, Poe’s story is far different from what it at first seems. The narrator, under the influence of opium, creates Ligeia in his mind and, when she  "dies,† he kills Rowena himself to bring his first wife back. In the article â€Å"Poe’s Ethereal Ligeia,† Jack and June Davis describe â€Å"Ligeia† as the faulty account of an insane narrator who â€Å"knows Ligeia only through his opium hallucinations but who wants to present her as a real and credible person† (171). The narrator uses Ligeia to chase the elusive secret to eternal life. When she dies, instead of forgoing his search, the narrator procures Rowena in order to present Ligeia with a dead body to return through; thus, he commits murder to carry out his insane plot. Because the narrator of Poe’s story fabricates the existence of his first wife, uses her to pursue eternal life, and kills his second bride to bring Ligeia back, he can be classified as mentally deranged. Ligeia’s unreality is strong evidence for the instability... ...im. What the deranged narrator once perceived as a victory over death is, in reality, nothing more than a drug-induced psychotic break. Works Cited Basler, Roy. "The Interpretation of "Ligeia"." College English. 5.7 (1944): 363-372. Web. 7 Apr. 2012. Basler, Roy, and James Schroeter. "Poe's "Ligeia"." PMLA. 77.5 (1962): 675. Web. 9 Apr. 2012. Davis, Jack L., and June H. Davis. "Poe's Ethereal Ligeia." Bulletin of the Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association. 24.4 (1970): 170-176. Web. 9 Apr. 2012. Espejo, Roman. Mental Illness. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2012. Print. "Mental Illness - Definition." The free dictionary by farlex. Farlex, Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Apr 2012. . Rabkin, Leslie Y. Psychopathology and Literature. San Francisco, CA: Chandler Publishing Company, 1966. Print.

Play “Romeo and Juliet” Essay

Romeo and Juliet was written by William Shakespeare about two teenage lovers whose untimely deaths ultimately unite their families together. In this play â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† Lord and Lady Capulet were seen to be great parents to an extent. Juliet is there one and only daughter at fourteen years old, she was nursed by their nurse from the begging of her life. She knew all about Juliet and knew more than her parents and she was closer and understanding than then. Therefore Juliet called her mother Lady Capulet as in 3rd person and how others would call her instead of mother – that shows the relationship between them. Lord and Lady Capulet were rich enough to rent people to care for Juliet and in fact the nurse was to nurse her until she left to her husband’s house. Juliet was chosen to marry Paris who was from a rich and cared family. Lord and Lady Capulet thought it was great for their daughter to marry to a pleasant man. Juliet was only 14 years old but it was usual at Shakespeare time to get married at such age. Her mother got married earlier she was desperate to finish it quickly. â€Å"Well think of marriage now. Younger than you, Here in Verona, ladies of esteem are made already ladys. By my count i was your lady much upon these years that you are now a maid.† At Shakespeare’s time women were not allowed to act at stages as there were thought to inferior to men. So men were used to act out the play dress as women most or all of the time. Men usually played the scenes of women acts. They even dressed up as them to make it more understanding and easier to navigate. In Act 1 Lord and Lady Capulet are concerned for Juliet’s welfare. They decide to get her married and sent her off. Lord Capulet â€Å"My child is yet a stranger in the world, she hath not seen the change of fourteen years: Let two more summers wither in their pride Ere we may think her ripe to be a bride.† When Juliet sees Romeo she instead loves him. Romeo too at first sight of Juliet falls in love, as they look at each other Romeo â€Å"O then, dear saint, let lip do what hand do: They pray grant thou, lest faith turn to despair† and Juliet â€Å"Then have my lips, the sin that they have took† This shows the love between them at fight sight. But on the other hand Lord Capulet arranges a marriage as he finds out about Romeo and Juliet. He might purposely arrange the marriage to stop Juliet from loving Romeo or anything else from happing. On the line before Juliet meets Lord and Lady Caplet, Juliet on her first time goes and kisses Romeo on the elevators. This was on the â€Å"Ball Scene†. Over there she does what any women at that time wouldn’t have done. She kisses a man she has barely known for less than 10 minutes and wishes to marry him. Juliet therefore was irresponsible, unmannered and overwhelmed Romeo. She says â€Å"Then have lips the sin that they have took† and Romeo â€Å"Sins from my lips? O trespass sweetly urg’d. Give me my sin again. After a while in Act 3 Lord and lady Capulet changes into more an aggressive parent. They also decide to arrange the marriage that same weekend as more than half a dozen are in the city following the death of Tybalt have visited and are already in the town. Therefore more will be there to witness the wedding of Juliet. And also to bring some happiness into the Capulet family after the sad death of Tybalt. This quote from Capulet show how fast of a decision it was â€Å"A’Thursday, let it be – a’Thursday, tell her, She be married to this noble earl. It was a quick decision. On Act 4 Juliet has a change of mind. She pretends to marry Paris it makes Lord and Lady Caplet believe that she is listening to them and agrees. But really she does it to make it easier for her. She was forced to make this decision as her parents were rude and scary. â€Å"Well, we may chances to do good on her. A peevish self-will’d harlotry it is† shows how horrible they are if she does do as they say.

Organisational Culture Essay

Culture According to Kroeber and Kluckholn (1952) culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behaviour acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiment in artifacts. Sinha (2000) suggests that â€Å"Culture consists of totality of assumptions, beliefs, values, social systems and institutions, physical artifacts and behaviour of people, reflecting their desire to maintain continuity as well as to adapt to external demands.† Organisational Culture Organisational culture is a system of shared meaning held by members that distinguishes an organisation from other organisations. Organisational culture is the set of values that helps the organisation’s employees understanding which actions are considered acceptable and which are unacceptable According to Schein, Organisational Culture is defined as A pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as a correct way to perceive, think and feel in relation to those problems Gareth Morgan has described organizational culture as: â€Å"The set of the set of beliefs, values, and norms, together with symbols like dramatized events and personalities, that represents the unique character of an organization, and provides the context for action in it and by it.† Types of Organizational Culture Organisational culture can vary in a number of ways. It is these variances that differentiate one organisation from the others. Some of the bases of the differentiation are presented below : 1. Strong vs weak culture : Organisational culture can be labelled as strong or weak based on sharedness of the core values among organisational members and the degree of commitment the members have to these core values. The higher the sharedness and commitment, the stronger the culture increases the possibility of behaviour consistency amongst its members, while a weak culture opens avenues for each one of the members showing concerns unique to themselves. 2. Soft vs hard culture : Soft work culture can emerge in an organisation where the organisation pursues multiple and conflicting goals. In a soft culture the employees choose to pursue a few objectives which serve personal or sectional interests. A typical example of soft culture can be found in a number of public sector organisations in India where the management feels constrained to take action against employees to maintain high productivity. The culture is welfare oriented; people are held accountable for their mistakes but are not rewarded for good performance. Consequently, the employees consider work to be less important than personal and social obligations. Sinha (1990) has presented a case study of a public sector fertilizer company which was established in an industrially backward rural area to promote employment generation and industrial activity. Under pressure from local communities and the government, the company succumbed to overstaffing, converting mechanised operations into manual operations, payment of overtime, and poor discipline. This resulted in huge financial losses (up to 60 percent of the capital) to the company. 3. Formal vs informal culture : The work culture of an organisation, to a large extent, is influenced by the formal components of organisational culture. Roles, responsibilities, accountability, rules and regulations are components of formal culture. They set the expectations that the organisation has from every member and indicates the consequences if these expectations are not fulfilled. Mechanistic and organic cultures: The most important aspects of organisation in public sector companies include hierarchies, supervision, control, formalisation, flow of authority and communication from top to bottom, etc., rather than the results or outcome. Organisations with these characters are termed as mechanistic organisations. They follow status quo strategy and therefore resist innovation and aggressiveness on the part of employees. These organisations also lack customer-orientation and employee welfare. Tata Infotech, on the other hand, is more flexible and open. Jobs and roles are not defined rigidly and employees are given freedom to adjust themselves to the environmental requirement. Concern is more towards the outcome and results, but not the procedure or hierarchy. Communication in this company is more multi-directional. The informal communication is widely used. Decision-making is more decentralized. People with the ability to handle problems are given freedom to assume authority and responsibility. This company is a continuous learning organisation from the environment and such companies are termed as organic structures.† The mechanic culture de-motivates the competent people and leads to negative organisational culture and while the organic culture motivate the able employees to be competitive and innovative. Authoritarian and participative cultures: Authority to make the decisions is centralised at the top management level in Nagarjuna Fertilisers Limited. Consequently, the CEO of the company makes the decisions and informs them to the lower levels in the organisation. Such culture of concentration of authority and power at the central level is called authoritarian culture. Such a culture kills the initiative and innovativeness of the employees at different levels. In contrast, Cybertech Systems and Software decentralises the power and authority decision-making. In fact, employees are involved in decision-making. Communication flows not only from the top to bottom but also from the bottom to the top. Such type of culture is called participative culture. Participative culture encourages the employees to be innovative, aggressive and to take risks. Features of Organisational Culture The analysis of the above definitions indicate the following features of organisational culture Innovation and risk taking: ‘Innovation is the way of life in Microsoft.’ Innovation the key characteristic of Gillette Company.’ Companies encourage the employees to innovative and risk takers at different degrees. Attention to detail: ‘Employees in the Boston Consultancy Group are expected to be precise, analytical and pay attention to even the minor details.’ Thus, organisations require their employees to be precise, analytical and pay attention to the minute details at different degrees. Outcome orientation: ‘Coromandal Cements expects its employees to improve their performance at least by 5% every year irrespective of the approaches they follow.’ Thus the organisations require their employees to pay attention or the results. Pople Orientation: Hewlett and Packard announced one day unpaid holiday for every nine working days and avoided lay-off.’ Thus, the organisations take the effect its decisions on the employees.ei Team orientation: â€Å"Global Solutions repeats: â€Å"We Work.† It does mean that activities are designed around teams but not individuals. Thus, we today find team jobs rather than individual jobs. Aggressiveness: The employees of State Bank of India were not allowed to be aggressive whereas the employees of IDBI Bank are expected to be aggressive and competitive. Thus, aggressiveness is the level to which the employees are expected to be competitive rather than easygoing. Stability: Most of the Indian Universities still have the status quo strategy of maintaining the traditional values and beliefs of ‘Guru and Shishya’ parampara of Gurukulas Radical change: In contrast to the stability strategy, most of the organisations after 1991 have the growth, diversification and conglomerate diversification strategies. It is the degree at which the organisational activities emphasise growth and diversification Customer Orientation: Pizza Huts build relationship with the customers and then adapt aggressive marketing strategies. It is the degree to which the management decisions take into considerations the effect of outcomes on customers of the organization. indicates the consequences if these expectations are not fulfilled. Table 1.1 presents some of the components of formal culture and their implication for organisations.